An Empirical Project on The Effect of Variable A on Variable B Research Paper

An Empirical Project on The Effect of Variable A on Variable B - Research Paper Example In this research, the two variables in the investigation is the price of a pair of shoe and its demand in the market. To achieve this, several tools would be in place to determine whether there is indeed a relationship between the price and demand of a commodity. The tool used in this research is the price of elasticity of demand. In calculating the price elasticity of demand, the tool exploits the use of other several factors which have a role in determining demand and price of a commodity. The price of a single type of shoe can influence the demand for that pair in a number of ways. Price is in different stimuli that affect demand. To come up with the right conclusion on the effect of price on demand, certain price factors to be considered include the average price, nominal price, real price, nominal price, price levels and price changes (Landsburg 18). To explore such dimensions of price, it would depend on the data available. The price level refers to the price that is set on a c ommodity in a certain region. To approximate the price level, it is important to use the price index. The nominal value is the value of the commodity in terms of real currency. The real value is a measure of the market purchasing power after some period of time. In determining the estimates for the price elasticity of demand, the following model was in use; wGi= aGi + bGln xi + qGHln pH + †¢ zi + uGi. ... This formula could manipulate the amount of data that would be used to determine the price elasticity of demand for a pair of shoe in the market. An important tool to determine the relationship between price and demand is the study of the price elasticity of demand. The price elasticity of demand is an economic tool that shows the change that exists when there is a change in quantity demanded, on the price of the commodity. In addition, the price elasticity of demand could give a percentage change in the quantity in demand, when the price of the commodity changes by a single percentage. Most of the goods in the market would have a negative price elasticity, thus a negative price elasticity of demand. In many cases, the sign is not that important when analyzing the data. With a price elasticity of demand that is less than one absolute value, the demand is inelastic. This is interpreted as the change that occur at the price have little effect on the quantity that the market would deman d of the good. When the price elasticity of demand is more than one percent, the demand for the commodity is elastic, that is, a slight change in the price of the commodity would result to great change on the good’s quantity demanded (Landsburg 478). The above diagram shows a perfect inelastic price elasticity of demand. (Landsburg 489) The above diagram shows a perfect elasticity. The price elasticity of demand for a pair of shoes would depend on the following factors; if the substitute good is available, the percentage of income, necessity and other factors. As stated above, the price elasticity of demand for a good relates the price of a commodity to its demand. Therefore, when calculating the price elasticity of demand for a pair of shoe

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Annotated Bibliography Example Through examination of existing policies and laws as well as those in previous years, this magazine exposes the loopholes. It also provides a basis for the responsible bodies to effect appropriate actions to deal with negative effects of immigration. Of concern are the high rates of illegal immigrants in United States of America. Matthews, Christopher. "Business & Money." Business Money The Economics of Immigration Who Wins Who Loses and Why Comments. N.P., 30 Jan. 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2013. . This is a recent news source for the major players in immigration. It covers the native Americans and the immigrants. As such, the effect of immigration on the native Americans is done by assessing the benefits and threats. The plight of immigrants is also covered and the entails of the new environment in terms of economic gains is looked at. In this website, there is maximum attention on the statistics of immigrants over the recent years. The numbers are given as a result of America community survey results from 2009. The data relating to immigrants numbers and their source countries is given. Rivera-Batiz, Francisco L. "Undocumented Workers in the Labor Market: An Analysis of the Earnings of Legal and Illegal Mexican Immigrants in the United States." Journal of Population Economics 12.1 (1999): 91-116. Print. This journal focuses on illegal immigrants especially from Mexico crossing through the U.S-Mexico border. An analysis of financial returns they obtains from the jobs they obtain is present. These returns are compared to legal Mexican immigrants and native born Americans. The disparities in income are explained and their economic relevance highlighted by the authors. This journal addresses the common argument concerning the impact of immigrants on the native-born Americans. The main provisions in this journal explain the reasons why immigrants secure jobs while native

Difference Between Greek and Roman Architecture of Antiquity

Difference Between Greek and Roman Architecture of Antiquity Introduction The purpose of this essay is to identify the differences between the Greek and Roman architecture of Antiquity. Although Greek and Roman architecture have various similarities, it is important to identify the differences and the ways the Romans chose to adapt their influences. The five architectural orders were highly favoured in both Greek and Roman architecture. Greek Architecture Greek architecture is a very influential and historical movement which is used to inspire many architects today. This movement was based on the post and lintel system which is simply a system made up of columns. Although the concept of columns may seem simple, the Greeks carved the columns into something beautiful – including carvings of mythological creatures. They created some of the most precise and distinctive designs in the history of architecture. The Greeks interest in simplicity and proportion in their buildings went on to influence Roman architects. There are five main architectural orders in classical architecture which are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite – which were all named by the Romans. Greek architects created the first three and took part in influencing the latter two â€Å"which were composites rather than genuine innovations† (Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2009-2014). The differences in these styles were best recognised by the dà ©cor that existed at the top of each column. (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) The Doric Order   Ã‚   The Doric Order was the first of the architectural orders to be introduced, the top of the column is plain and undecorated while the column itself is fluted with parallel grooves. They stood directly on the temple without a base. Prominent features of both Greek and Roman versions of the Doric order are the alternating â€Å"triglyphs† and â€Å"metopes† (Essley, J). Three vertical grooves make up the triglyphs and imitate the wooden end-beams, which are supported by the architrave  that takes up the lower half of the entablature (superstructure of mouldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns). Under each triglyph are peglikedrops that maintain the structure. A triglyph is placed in the centre above every column with another between columns. â€Å"The Greeks felt that the corner triglyph should form the corner of the entablature to create a contrast with the supporting column. The spaces between the triglyphs are themetopes† (Princeton, Online). (Temple of Hephaestus in (Sharon Mollerus) Athens, Greece, 449-415 BC) The Ionic Order The Ionic Order was the second to be invented and can be recognised by its scrolled design at the top of each column – the columns are also fluted and sit on a base. This order is more slender that the Doric but very similar. (Column of the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, 421-406 BC) (Guillaume Piolle) The Corinthian Order The Corinthian Order was the latest order to be produced, the late classical period was where the earliest example was found. It is best recognised for its ornate capital – apart from this factor, it is the same as the previous ionic order. The Corinthian Order was favoured by the Roman architects in a lot of their work. (The Pantheon in Rome, 126 AD) (Rosengarten. A, 1898) Roman Architecture The Greek tradition in architecture was continued on by the Romans, their interest is evident in many of their buildings – especially their use of the Corinthian Order. The Romans were known as â€Å"great innovators† because of the way they adopted new techniques and new materials and the way they adapted on existing techniques. The Romans introduced the use of domes and arches to create a new architectural style. They continued to use the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders – however adapting the capital of the Corinthian to make it more decorative. The Tuscan  column  is very similar to the Doric column but with a smaller design at the top. The Tuscan column was used most â€Å"in domestic architecture such as peristyles and verandahs† (Ancient History Encyclopaedia, 2009 – 2014).There became a stage where columns were no longer used for structure, but were purely decorative. The differences between Greek and Roman Architecture Greek and Roman architecture is relatively similar, they were inspired by the Greeks existing work and adapted their own styles around it. â€Å"As noted on the Palomar Educational Style Guide, the Greeks preferred a post and lintel construction method, while the Romans favoured a true arch construction†. (Faller, M) Although the Romans were inspired by the Greeks which resulted in many similarities, there are still many differences, such as the materials they chose to use. They both commonly constructed their buildings from marble or limestone – but, the Romans perfected the use of concrete in buildings which allowed them to create more free-flowing structures. In relation to the styles of columns they used, they were all favoured by both the Greeks and the Romans and made a persistent appearance in most of their buildings. Although, the Greeks did prefer the use of the Doric and Ionic orders, whereas the Romans preferred the more ornate Corinthian order. The purpose of the Greeks and Romans architecture was also different. Most of the existing Greek architecture was designed as art to honour their gods which resulted in a less ornate interior. Due to the Romans advances in material technology, a greater variety of Roman buildings still exist today. Roman architecture was beautiful internally and externally, mirroring â€Å"the pursuit of pleasure, an essential part of Roman culture† (Faller, M) In relation to more of the construction details, the Greeks work was more equilateral which was known as â€Å"post and lintel construction†. The Romans took great credit for grasping the arch and the dome, which are a prominent feature in ancient Roman architecture, but not in Greek architecture. The Parthenon and the Pantheon The Parthenon and the Pantheon are both ancient temples – the Parthenon was built in Greece for their god Athena and the Pantheon was constructed in Rome to celebrate the Roman gods. The Parthenon was first to be constructed in 126 AD and the Pantheon was constructed about six centuries later around 447 – 438 BC. (The Parthenon) (The Pantheon) Both these temples have many similarities and differences due to the Romans adapting the Greeks processes. The majority of the exterior design of the Pantheon is adapted from traditional, ancient Greek architecture, such as that of the Parthenon. It is said that both of these temples functioned as churches during the middle ages and have both faced rebuilding. The religious links of the Pantheon prevented it from being damaged by loots, but unfortunately many parts of the Parthenon were stolen in the 1700s. Of course, the Parthenon was a Doric temple which was supported by Ionic columns. The floor was constructed wholly of marble, where the base was constructed from limestone – typical materials used by the Greeks. â€Å"The east pediment narrates the birth of Athena, while the west pediment shows the contest between Athena and  Poseidon  to become the city’s patron god† (Diffen, Online). This creates a contrast to the Pantheon, which was a concrete dome supported by the ornate Corinthian columns. They were interested in capturing more beauty with small, distinctive details. Again, typical materials such as marble and concrete were used to construct this temple. Conclusion Architectural history is what formed the architecture of today, both Greek and Roman architecture has played a huge influence in numerous modern buildings. The majority of their work is very similar but they still continued to work in numerous different ways in order to make their statement in architecture. Without the Romans – who mastered the use of concrete – may have resulted in a different use of materials in which we use today. Both the Greeks and Romans have created the basis of architecture to form the process we have today. Word count: 1277 Bibliography ANCIENT HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA. (2009 – 2014) Greek Architecture. [Online] Available from: http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Architecture/. [Accessed 12th December 2014]. Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Photograph, viewed 12th December 2014, http://i39.tinypic.com/30agqbs.png> PRINCETON. Doric Order. [Online] Available from: https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Doric_order.html. [Accessed 12th December 2014]. Essley, J. Pediment and tympanum, Metopes and Triglyths. Terms from Greek temples. [Online] Available from: http://www.house-design-coffee.com/metopes.html. [Accessed 12th December 2014]. Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, Greece, 449-415 BC. Photograph, viewed 13th December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Sharon Mollerus / public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Photograph, viewed 13th December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Guillaume Piolle/ public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Photograph, viewed 13th December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Column of the Erechtheion, Acropolis of Athens, 421-406 BC. Photograph, viewed 13th December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html&agt; The Pantheon in Rome, 126 AD. Photograph, viewed 13th December, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> Rosengarten. A,A Handbook of Architectural Styles,1898. Photograph, viewed 13th December 2014, http://arthistoryblogger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/doric-ionic-and-corinthian.html> ANCIENT HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA. (2009 – 2014) Roman Architecture. [Online] Available from: http://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Architecture/. [Accessed 14th December 2014]. Faller, M. Differences between Greek and Roman architecture. [Online] Available from: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5507152_differences-between-roman-greek-architecture.html. [Accessed 14th December 2014]. Diffen. Pantheon vs. Parthenon. [Online] Available from: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Pantheon_vs_Parthenon. [Accessed 15th December 2014].

Steve Jobs: A Visionary Leader Essay -- entrepreneurs, business, leade

The business world is full of driven, determined young and old entrepreneurs, all hoping to make it in the competitive industry. A business person encompasses a variety of different virtues: leadership, persistence, confidence and people skills; however, not many people had what Steve Jobs embodied. Born in the vibrant San Francisco, California, Jobs was always interested in technology and its perks. â€Å"Early on Jobs showed a proficiency in electronics and a thirst for education. In junior high, he complained that he was not learning anything in his school, so his parents moved to Los Altos instead† (Gale, np). Even at a young age, Job’s business skills were already seeping through; his mind was constantly working, thirsting to fill his never ending quench for technology. The dream began when Job’s saw potential in his friend, Steve Wozniak, who was working for Hewlett Packard at the time. Wozniak was creating ametuer computers outside of work but never with t he intentions of selling them.With his vision of affordable personal computers, Steve Jobs changed that. On April 1st, 1976 in a small garage, one the most successful and thriving businesses in the computer industry was formed. The company name, Apple Computers, was given because it came before â€Å"Atari† in the phonebook and Jobs was also on one of his fruit diets, with apples being one of his staple foods (Isaacson, 54). Their aim was to create computers designed specifically to be user-friendly desktop machines for the general public, a target that many other rival companies neglected to pursue. Jobs remarks to Cathy book in Time, â€Å"We started out to get a computer in the hands of everyday people, and we succeeded beyond our wildest dreams† (Gale, np). From the beginning, Jobs d... ...entury, 2001. Print. Deutsch, Gail, and Deborah Roberts. "Steve Jobs: 7 Secrets to His Success." ABC News. ABC News Network, 8 Oct. 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. Deutschman, Alan. The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway, 2000. Print. Elliot, Jay, and William L. Simon. The Steve Jobs Way: ILeadership for a New Generation. New York, NY: Vanguard, 2011. Print. Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Print. Segan, Sascha. "Steve Jobs Is Not Dead." PC Magazine (2012): 33-36. Computer Source. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. "Steve Jobs." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Biography in Context. Web. 28 Feb. 2014 Surowiecki, James . "How Steve Jobs Changed." The New Yorker. N.p., 17 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2014. Turak, August. "Steve Jobs and the One Trait All Innovative Leaders Share." Forbes. N.p., 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 8 Mar. 2014.

Body Image vs Self Esteem Essay

According to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, diet is food and drink regularly provided or consumed. It is also defined as the regimen of eating and drinking sparingly so as to reduce one’s weight. The latter definition will be the one used for this research paper. Currently, up to fifty percent of women have tried dieting at some point in their lives and at least 90 percent of teenagers diet regularly. Due to this, the â€Å"diet fad† is worth billions with its government, pharmaceutical, and weight loss agencies funding it. see more:a handout that explains the link between identity self image and self esteem Americans alone spend more money on weight loss programs and products than any other nation. People go on diets for a number of reasons. One reason is their concern for their health. Many people who live a healthier life are geared towards a restricted diet and lifestyle due to medical reasons. Second reason and probably the most common is to achieve a better body image. Body Image is how people perceive their physical appearance due to self-observation and the reaction of peers. It is how people see themselves and how comfortable they feel about their physical appearances. Even though it is more of a personal evaluation there are several factors that can influence how we perceive our bodies. One factor that can shape one’s body image is culture. Different cultures have different definitions of what they consider beautiful or ugly. For example, a culture would consider a girl with many tattoos as beautiful which could then bring about a positive body image. On the other hand, other cultures would label women with tattoos as impure. Another factor would be the influence of the media on body image. It can either heighten positive body image or aggravate it. Standards of beauty are often defined by what we see on magazines and televisions. People are often exposed to images of â€Å"perfection† that it sends messages that this is how men and women should look. The pressure to achieve â€Å"physical perfection† causes people to be unsatisfied with how they look. Due to this, teenagers often go on â€Å"fad diets’ to improve their negative body image. Teenagers would normally compare themselves to models which contributes to low self-esteem and heightens body image issues. This could eventually lead to depression, loss of self-esteem and eating disorders. A negative body image develops when the person feels that he/she doesn’t match up to society’s or even his/her personal standards of beauty. This causes people with negative body image to be often dissatisfied with how they look. According to Kathryn Yarborough (2009), â€Å"there are two main types of body image disturbances: distortion and dissatisfaction. † Distortion is when we have inaccurate visual perception of ourselves. For example, anorexic people still feel fat despite being underweight. People get dissatisfied when they cannot find contentment with how they look. These body image disturbances are what affect emotional and mental thinking. Victims of negative body image always feel self-conscious with no self-confidence at all. This causes their self-esteem to be naturally low. With this in mind, we want to evaluate the relationship on how body image affects the self-esteem of people. Self-esteem is defined as how a person values him/herself. This is more concerned on your personal opinion and how you respect yourself. Good self-esteem enables a person to exude a more positive outlook in life. According to Yarborough (2009), â€Å"studies indicate that regardless of actual attractiveness, the better the person feels about him/herself the higher his/her self-esteem will be and vice versa. † Self-esteem may also be defined as a ratio of a person’s success against his/her failures. When success gets the majority of the ratio, a person feels good about him/herself. A poor body image is classified under failures. In turn, self-esteem is hindered greatly by poor body image. There is a thin line between body image and self-esteem but one greatly affects the other. Body image becomes a major factor in having a high or low self-esteem. In improving your body image, you are unconsciously creating an â€Å"ideal self. † According to Brennecke (1978), â€Å"as we gain more experience with life, we begin to develop an image of what we wish to be: our ideal self. † He also stated that this is largely affected by culture, family, friends and media. In many cases, our ideal self can be unrealistic and hard to attain. These high expectations cause people to fall short on their image. As stated above, people usually prefer dieting as their key solution to improve their body image. Based on personal interviews, people are not always happy with the results of their dieting. Most of them are tempted by the food they try to avoid. Some of them don’t get contented with the results because it wasn’t what they were aiming for. This is because dieting is tricky. At the start, their metabolism slows down and during this transition, they lose weight easily. Once their bodies are used to the new di et pattern, losing weight will be difficult. Going back to their old eating habits, they gain weight easily because their bodies got used to eating little amounts. In conclusion, diet may or may not help a person’s body image. Whether we know it or not, having a positive image is crucial in developing a healthy mental, physical and emotional attitude. But we strongly advise people to improve their body image with methods other than dieting. According to Kienlen (2007), â€Å"Different people will find different tips helpful when it comes to building a healthy body image. Focusing on their positive qualities is one of these tips. Building a better body image means dwelling on your strengths. Another tip is to not spend too much time thinking about the flaws that peers point out. Sometimes it causes them to overlook their positive qualities. Lastly, being comfortable is always the best tip. People can put aside all their negatives when they are carefree. † This can fall under cognitive therapy where the person can restructure his/her thoughts to alter the negatives. As the author mentioned, one good way to treat body disturbances is to highlight and bring about the positive image of every individual. Strengths are under success. Its magnitude can be magnified by focusing on these strengths and in doing so; the success versus failure ratio might favor the success more. This rule also applies for people’s negatives, which goes under failure. By not pondering upon them, they are not magnified to favor the failures. According to Brennecke (1978), â€Å"your evaluation of your own self-worth is dependent on how close you come to your ideal self. If you’re meeting that image, you will experience self-esteem- that is, you’ll feel good about yourself. † In response to this, Judy Lightstone (1999) suggests that people should also be realistic about their ideal self that taking in mind genetic and environmental history. Apart from the mental aspect, it is important to take into consideration the physical aspect as well. Having a healthy diet and exercising regularly is also one step in achieving a positive body image. Research shows that while we exercise, our body releases endorphins—the body’s feel good chemicals. It boosts up our mood and improves how we tackle daily tasks. Exercise and endorphins are strongly linked to good mental health as well. To sum it all up, there are a number of ways to change how we think and perceive ourselves. It is dependent on the person and if he/she chooses to improve his well-being. Most of the discussions aforementioned are geared towards improving body images. The improvement of body image is key in achieving a healthy outlook in life, mentally, physically and emotionally. It is important because, as emphasized, it is closely related to self-esteem. Based on psychological tests, self-esteem greatly affects behavior, development and a person’s capability to make decisions. According to a study made by the Indiana University Medicine Media relations, statistics show that 40 percent of girls with low self-esteem versus 18 percent of girls with high self-esteem have tried sexual intercourse even before ninth grade. Hayers and Fors’ study (1998) report that low self-esteem is a common precedent to premarital sexual relationships which then could lead to unplanned pregnancies. They also found that as self-esteem decreases, sexual behavior becomes more prominent. Another test based on Candito (1996) concluded that those who were classified as â€Å"recovered alcoholics† pointed out that they have suffered from low self-esteem and marked it as their most significant problem. Kaplan (1975) conducted studies on 7,000 seventh graders and found that violence and crime holds a close link to low self-esteem as well. There are far more intriguing studies about the effects of self-esteem to oneself but based from the studies mentioned above, we can all see how pressing the issue of low self-esteem is. It is alarming and it is definitely something that should be acted upon immediately. In conclusion, we believe that one step in improving low self-esteem and avoiding all its bad effects is to first improve body image. It is through correcting how we see ourselves and choosing to improve our wellbeing will we then live out a happier and more fruitful life.

Learning Objective Essay

* A learning objective answers the question: What is it that your students should be able to do at the end of the class session and course that they could not do before? * A learning objective makes clear the intended learning outcome rather than what form the instruction will take. * Learning objectives focus on student performance. Action verbs that are specific, such as list, describes, report, compare, demonstrate, and analyze, should state the behaviors students will be expected to perform. Well-written learning objectives can give students precise statements of what is expected of them and provide guidelines for assessing student progress. Our goal for students is learning and if students don’t know what they should be able to do at the end of class then it will be difficult for them to reach that goal. Clearly defined objectives form the foundation for selecting appropriate content, learning activities, and assessment measures. If objectives of the course are not clearl y understood by both instructor and students, if the learning activities do not relate to the objectives and the content that you think is important, then your methods of assessment, which are supposed to indicate to both learner and instructor how effective the learning and teaching process has been, will be at best misleading, and, at worst, irrelevant or unfair. Learning objectives Specific statements describing what you and your students intend to achieve as a result of learning that occurs both in class and outside of class. They can be categorized in the following way: 1. Cognitive objectives emphasize knowing, conceptualizing, comprehending, applying, synthesizing, and evaluating. These objectives deal with students’ knowledge of the subject matter, and how students demonstrate this knowledge. 2. Psychomotor objectives involve the physical skills and dexterity related to the instruction. Successful instruction involves teaching new skills or coordination of old ones Attitudinal objectives Specific statements about attitudes, values and emotions, which students will have as a result of taking part in class activities. What learning objectives emphasize Learning objectives emphasize observed activity, student activity and student outcomes. Advantages of using learning objectives Writing and using learning objectives has numerous advantages. Writing learning objectives using Bloom’s Taxonomy Bloom’s Taxonomy of the cognitive domain, or thinking skills, can be helpful in constructing course learning objectives. Bloom and colleagues found that over 95% of exam questions required students to activate low-level thinking skills such as recall (1956). In addition, research has shown that students remember more content when they have learned a topic through higher thinking skills such as application or evaluation. Using Bloom’s Taxonomy as a guide, you can create learning objectives and exam questions that activate and assess different, as well as higher, levels of student thinking. Bloom’s Taxonomy Bloom’s Taxonomy is a hierarchy of six cognitive skills arranged from less to more complex. Knowledge Recognizes students’ ability to use rote memorization and recall certain facts. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: cite, define, identify, label, list, match, name, recognize, reproduce, select, state. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will recall the four major food groups without error.| Name the four major food groups.| The students will list at least three characteristics peculiar to the Cubist movement.| List three characteristics that are unique to the Cubist movement.| The students will be able to define gram-positive bacteria.| Define gram-positive bacteria.| Comprehension Involves students’ ability to read course content, understand and interpret important information and put other’s ideas into their own words. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: classify, convert, describe, distinguish between, explain, extend, give examples, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, summarize, translate. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will summarize the main events of a story in grammatically correct English.| Using grammatically correct English, please summarize the main events – in three or four sentences – from the news story given below.| The students will describe in prose what is shown in graph form.| Given a graph of production trends in automobiles, describe what the graph represents in a memo to your boss.| From a â€Å"story-problem† description, students will convert the story to a mathematical manipulation needed to solve the problem.| A researcher wonders whether attending a private high school leads to higher or lower performance on an exam of social skills. A random sample of 100 students from a private school produces a mean score of 71.30 on the exam, and the national mean score for students from public schools is 75.62 (s x = 29.0). Convert the information in this word problem into a mathematical representation that will enable you to solve the problem.| Application Students take new concepts and apply them to another situation. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: apply, arrange, compute, construct, demonstrate, discover, modify, operate,predict, prepare, produce, relate, show, solve, use. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will multiply ractions in class with 90 percent accuracy.| Solve for the ten following fraction multiplication problems. Please make sure to show all your work.| The students will apply previously learned information about socialism to reach an answer.| According to our definition of socialism, which of the following nations would be considered to be socialist?| The students will demonstrate the principle of reinforcement to classroom interactions.| In a teaching simulation with your peers role-playing 6th grade students, demonstrate the principle of reinforcement in classroom interactions and prepare a  ½ page description of what happened during the simulation that validated the principle.| Analysis Students have the ability to take new information and break it down into parts to differentiate between them. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: analyze, associate, determine, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, estimate, infer, order, outline, point out, separate, subdivide. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will read a presidential debate and point out the passages that attack a political opponent personally rather than the opponent’s political programs.| From the short presidential debate transcribed below: Differentiate the passages that attacked a political opponent personally, and those that attacked an opponent’s political programs.| The students will point out the positive and negative points presented in an argument for the abolition of guns.| From the argument given below, analyze the positive and negative points presented concerning the abolition of guns and write a brief (2-3 page) narrative of your analysis.| Students will discriminate among a list of possible steps to determine which one(s) would lead to increased reliability for a test.| Determine which of the following steps would most likely lead to an increase in the reliability estimate for a test: * Increasing the number of persons tested from 500 to 1,000. * Selecting items so that half were very difficult and half very easy * Increasing the length of the test with more of the same kinds of items * Increasing the homogeneity of the group of subjects tested.| Synthesis Students are able to take various pieces of information and form a whole creating a pattern where one did not previously exist. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: combine, compile, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, formulate, integrate, modify, organize, plan, propose, rearrange, reorganize, revise, rewrite, tell, write. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will write a different but plausible ending to a short story.| Develop one plausible ending for all three short stories below.| After studying the current economic policies of the United States, student groups will design their own goals for fiscal and monetary policies.| Working in your groups and considering the current economic policies of the US that we have been studying, develop your goals for employment, price levels, and rate of real economic growth for the next three years. Write these goals on the newsprint and be ready to discuss why your goals are feasible.| The students will design a series of chemical operations to separate quantitatively the elements in a solution.| In the lab, you will be given a solution to analyze to see what elements make up the solution. Then design a series of chemical operations to separate quantitatively the elements in the solution.| Evaluation Involves students’ ability to look at someone else’s ideas or principles and see the worth of the work and the value of the conclusions. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: appraise, assess, compare, conclude, contrast, criticize, discriminate, evaluate, judge, justify, support, weigh. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will use the principles of socialism to evaluate the US economic system.| Using the basic principles of socialism discussed in this course, evaluate the US economic system by providing key arguments to support your judgment.| Given any research study, evaluate the appropriateness of the conclusions reached based on the data presented.| For years, misinformation about negative effects of aspartame has proliferated on the internet. The committee evaluated peer-reviewed research from the scientific literature on this topic and concluded: â€Å"Aspartame consumption is not associated with adverse effects in the general population†. — Given the data we’ve looked at on this topic, evaluate how appropriate this conclusion is and defend your answer.| The students will compare two pieces of sculpture, giving reasons for their positive evaluation of one over the other.| Two pieces of sculpture from different eras and artists are displayed. Study these two pieces, use the compare-contrast method to determine which piece you prefer and write a 2-3 page report that describes your thinking process as you studied these pieces. Utilize the skills you have learned as we have studied various pieces of sculpture over the past two weeks.| Advantages of using learning objectives The writing of learning objectives focuses attention away from content and onto the students. This re-focusing often produces revisions in teaching methods. 1. Managing instruction: Objectives may be used by instructors and students to sort and direct learners and learning activities. They may be used for systematic pre-testing, allowing into the course students who demonstrate the required pre-requisite behaviors, redirecting to remedial work those who lack the pre-requisites, skipping ahead those who already have acquired the behaviors that the unit is designed to teach. 2. 3. Managing learning: Whereas management of instruction implies that the control rests with the instructor, management of learning suggests a more active role by the student. Students can use objectives to guide their learning efforts — choosing appropriate materials, reading selectively, etc. Objectives can also be used for self-evaluation which may direct the student’s efforts (e.g., skipping ahead or reviewing). When students are involved in determining objectives they develop an awareness of the difficulties in defining what it is they want to learn and of choosing from among equally attractive options. 4. Planning instruction: Once you have developed learning objectives for a course you can more rationally sequence instruction, allot time to topics, assemble materials, prepare outlines and booklists, etc. Learning objectives can also be used as a guide to teaching, as when you plan different instructional methods for presenting various types of content based on the desired learning outcomes (e.g., small-group editing of reports to give students experience in evaluating content logic and correct usage). A re-examination of course content may result from a look at the learning objectives for the course. After comparing previous examinations with your newly developed learning objectives, you may discover that you have been testing materials which are illustrative, but which are not really essential to the students’ mastery of the content/concepts. 5. Enhancing learning: If the student has a set of learning objectives which provide information about the content to be learned and the way in which he/she will have to demonstrate adequate knowledge, that student can make more appropriate choices about study methods and content emphasis. 6. Facilitating evaluation: Learning objectives can facilitate various evaluation activities, evaluating students, evaluating instruction, evaluating the curriculum. They can form the basis for grading or for determining levels of competence in a mastery learning system. They can also be used to demonstrate effective teaching by matching student learning, as measured by exams, etc., to the desired outcomes. 7. Aiding in communication with others: There is a need to communicate learning objectives to others: between instructor and student, with TAs, with other instructors. For example, exchanging learning objectives within departments is the most specific way to communicate to one’s colleagues what you really cover in your course. An objectives exchange might reduce redundancy in the curriculum. 8. Designing or redesigning curriculum: If you intend to improve instruction in a particular course, you usually begin with the learning objectives for that course and program outcomes for the program and work backwards. * Sets of learning objectives for one course may be compared with the expected entry behaviors for the next course in the sequence. The two should interlock; where they do not, curriculum adjustments can be made. * Study of the existing curriculum can draw attention to redundancy and omissions that can lead to curriculum revision. 9. Producing new insights: The process of clarifying objectives may produce major changes in those who engage in the effort. For example, instructors who spend time developing learning objectives are said to acquire increased understanding about what is a feasible goal. When more general goals are explicitly identified, many specific sub-goals emerge. Since it may not be possible to reach all the sub-goals, a hierarchy or â€Å"trade-off system† of goals must be produced.

Cadbury Beverages Incorporation

Cadbury Beverages Incorporation Strategic Problem and Issue Identification Cadbury Beverages has been a successful marketer of different carbonated drinks. The company wanted to â€Å"re-launch its brands acquired from Procter Gamble† (Kerin and Peterson 316). The Senior Marketing Executives (SMEs) focused on the Crush brand in order to emerge successful.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Cadbury Beverages Incorporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, it was mandatory to rejuvenate the brand’s bottling network. The company also analyzed the facts associated with its leading brands. It was also mandatory for the firm to establish a powerful advertising program for its Crush brand. This advertising program â€Å"required the best strategies, objectives, and preliminary budgets† (Kerin and Peterson 316). From 1985 to 1989, the Crush orange flavor had become less competitive. The company was using ineffective ad vertising strategies thus affecting its goals. In 1989, most of â€Å"the competitors were using a wider spectrum of avenues to advertise their superior brands† (Kerin and Peterson 324). Many players in the industry were using similar promotional strategies for their products. It is agreeable that many consumers admired the Crush brand. However, new strategies were required in order to re-launch the product in the targeted markets. This approach would make it easier for Cadbury Beverages Incorporation to achieve its potentials. Analysis and Evaluation The problems affecting Cadbury Beverages forced the Marketing Executives (MEs) to make new changes in 1990. To begin with, the MEs decided to focus on the Crush brand. The marketers wanted to make the brand successful. This approach was critical because the flavor accounted for two-thirds of the total sales. A new bottling network for the brand was also established (Kerin and Peterson 319). The positioning strategy only focused on the existing customer base. New bottling agreements â€Å"were created in order to make the orange flavor available to more consumers† (Kerin and Peterson 320).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The level of competition also affected the performance of the Crush brand. However, the above positioning strategy presented numerous threats to the other brands such as Sunkist. The strategy was also ineffective because the company was making little profits. The â€Å"existing competitors were also attracting more customers using their diet segments† (Kerin and Peterson 324). There was also the need to establish new positions in order to make the brand successful. That being the case, it was appropriate to have a powerful advertising program that could make the brand successful. Recommendations It is notable that â€Å"the Crush brand boasted of high-a wareness in different regions such as Boston, Miami, Seattle, San Francisco, New York, and Miami† (Kerin and Peterson 329). However, it was appropriate to create a powerful promotion program for the brand. Cadbury Beverages Incorporation should therefore have a proper budget for every promotional strategy. That being the case, the firm should use its resources to support the Crush brand. The firm should use appropriate marketing strategies in order to emerge successful because more customers are aware of this brand. A proper knowledge of the existing market conditions will produce the best strategies. The firm should also identify new distribution channels. It should also collaborate with different restaurants and Gas Stations (GSs) in order to increase its market share. The use of modern technologies such as social media networks will inform more people about the targeted brand. The firm should also use a powerful marketing mix. This approach will â€Å"ensure the firm uses competitive prices, strategic positions, and effective promotional practices† (Kerin and Peterson 18). The strategy will ensure the firm achieves its marketing goals. Kerin, Roger, and Robert Peterson. Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments. Upper-Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Cadbury Beverages Incorporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Analysis of print based adverts Essays

Analysis of print based adverts Essays Analysis of print based adverts Essay Analysis of print based adverts Essay Advertising is when a company is persuading people, the audience, to buy a product they are selling. There are lots of different sorts of advertisements; for example, there is television, the radio, magazines, billboards, buses, the underground and the Internet. Advertising affects our everyday life, because advertising is everywhere you go.  My first advert I have chosen, is selling hair dye, the product is Live hair colour in red.  My second advert I have chosen, is selling trainers, by Skechers USA. My first impression of the Live advert is that the colour red in an unusual hair colour to dye your hair into.  My first impression of the Skechers advert is that the trainers would suit everybody because they have a variety of different colours.  I found the Live advert in a Bliss magazine, so the target audience is for teenage girls aged between fifteen and nineteen.  I also found the Skechers advert in a Bliss magazine so, again, the target audience would be for teenage girls.  The Live advert is using informative language, because it tells you how the New Luminance Energizer works and how it leaves your hair shiny and glossy. The Live advert has also used repetition. The words Live and Red have been repeated a few times. They have done this to emphasise it, to make it stay in your head and remember it. The Skechers advert has used end stop lines Pure Fun! This is when a line is completed with a full stop. It marks the end of a thought, making it into a statement.  In the Live advert they have constructed the sentences so the main sentences are noticeable. They used big font and coloured writing, There is Red, and there is Live Red. The more informative sentences at the bottom in a smaller font, When is red more than just red?  They havent used sentences in the Skechers advert because trainers dont need to be explained, most trainers are the same and if these trainers were any different it would say so. In the Live advert they have used questions, When is red more than just a red? statements, There is Red, and there is Live Red and a statement of fact, Discover the secret or Red Luminance, with an intense pigment, the Red Energizer.  In the Skechers advert they have written Pure Fun! which is a slogan, a statement and an explanation.  The Live advert is very informative because they explain how the hair colour works.  The Skechers advert isnt very informative, but trainers dont need explaining. The key words for the Live advert, not including the logo, company name and the slogan is, There is RED, and there is LIVE RED, NEW, RED LUMINENCE and RED ENERGIZER.  The slogan for the Live advert is Live-Brings Colour Into Your Life. The company has chosen this slogan because if you want a different hair colour and you want to be different from everyone else, you would go for a colour like this, because its unusual and not many people have it. The slogan for the Skechers advert is Pure Fun! The company chose this because they want people to have fun and enjoy themselves when they wear their trainers. The effect of the slogan is that its short simple and to the point.  The Live advert has two girls and two boys sitting at the cinema.  The Skechers advert has a group of friends at the front, one of them is dancing, there is a DJ at the back and there is a girl watching a boy playing pinball at the back.

MLA Referencing †Citing a YouTube Video

MLA Referencing – Citing a YouTube Video MLA Referencing – Citing a YouTube Video As Bob Dylan once sang, the times they are a-changin’. And while Bob was referring to the political climate in the 1960s, the statement applies equally to referencing sources in a college paper. These days, for example, you can cite YouTube videos in your work alongside books and journal articles. Were sure Bob would have sang about it if YouTube had been a thing in the 60s, though. But how do you do this exactly? In this post, we’ll look at how to cite YouTube and other online videos using the MLA referencing system, including both in-text citations and the list entry. In-Text Citations for a YouTube Video In MLA referencing, you cite print sources by giving the author’s surname and a page number. This isn’t possible when citing a video, though, as there are no page numbers to cite! What you do have is a time code or timestamp. This is the point in the video you want to cite, usually given in hours, minutes, and seconds. For example, we could cite a YouTube video like this: Defamiliarization is a key aspect of literature (Rugnetta 00:07:40). In this case, we’re citing a moment 7 minutes and 40 seconds into a video by Mike Rugnetta. Sometimes, though, it might not be easy to tell who to cite as the creator. In this case, for instance, we’ve used the presenter of the video, but in others you may want to cite a director or producer. The important thing is to use the same name in citations as you do in the list. The basic format for a YouTube video in an MLA list is: Author Surname, First Name. â€Å"Title of Video.† Platform/Website, uploaded by Username/Organization, date of upload, URL. In practice, then, the video we cited above would be referenced like this: Rugnetta, Mike. â€Å"BUT WAIT: Is Bob Dylan’s Work Really Literature?† YouTube, uploaded by PBS Idea Channel, November 2 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=cF7m44ORlRM. As shown above, you do not need to include the â€Å"http://† bit of the URL here. Missing Source Information You may sometimes find it difficult to find information for an online video source. If this occurs, simply include as much detail as possible so that the reader can identify the video based on your list. If you cannot find a name of the author of a video, for example, you can use the uploader’s name instead. As long as you also provide a valid URL in the full reference, this should be enough for the reader to find the video cited.

What are the major requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act What Research Paper

What are the major requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act What major amendments have been made to the act since it was pas - Research Paper Example This is because the natural water reservoirs in the most of the countries are not yet explored which preserves its freshness and cleanliness. However, as people seek for advancement, our natural resources including our water resources, are being exploited to the point that they are contaminated with harmful substances. Contamination of water supply triggers waterborne diseases (WHO, 2004). In this regard, more and more people are now concerned with the quality of water for future use, and whether there would be enough supply of potable water for the next generations. (Hrudey and Hrudey, 2004), Such awareness pushed different countries, as well as the World Health Organization, to create a law to protect and guide people in preserving and promoting safe drinking water (WHO, 2004). Safe drinking water has numerous uses. It is not just for drinking and cooking but also consumed for other domestic and personal activities, such as bathing. In the field of medicine, it is proven that water has many health benefits. Regular intake of such may prevent diseases like hypertension. That is why, most of the countries all over the world set guidelines intended to ensure the supply of safe drinking water amidst the contamination due to industrialization (WHO, 2004). In the United States, the concern on having safe and accessible drinking water pushed legislators to pass a law regarding the said matter which is commonly known as the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (www.epa.gov, 2011). The SDWA is a main federal law which ensures the quality and safety of American water supply from its natural reservoirs such as lakes, rivers, streams and the like. It provides standards for guaranteeing the supply of potable water. (www.epa.gov, 2011). In this paper, SDWA will be further elaborated on, from the making up to the promulgation and amendments. The significant amendments and requirements set by the law will also be discussed (www.epa.gov, 2011). Safe Drinking Water Act The Evolution of the Safe Drinking Water Act The earliest promulgated standard on the quality of drinking water dates back to 1914. Its objective is to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases in water supplies on interstate carriers. Though most of the states adopted the said standards, they are not strictly complied with. The guidelines were limited only to the contamination due to the bacteria and its count (Knotts, 1999). In 1925, an updated standard on the quality of the drinking water was released. The innovation is not anymore limited in providing the ideal bacteriological count in the water reservoirs. They also set limits for physical and chemical levels for lead, copper, zinc and excessive soluble materials (Devlin, 2011). Amendments from time to time were made in order to respond to the need to supply safe drinking water. In 1942, 1946, and in 1962, revisions spelled out guidelines for bacteriological sampling and permissible concentrations of arsenic, fluoride, selenium and copper (Devlin, 2011). Due to the increasing growth in population and economy, the demand for water increased. This triggered the people to procure water from contaminated sources. In a community study, it was found out that 41 percent of the 969 water systems that were surveyed did not comply with the standard set to ensure the quality of drinking water. This alarming result concluded that most of the Americans

Case analysis on The Treadway Tire Company Study

Analysis on The Treadway Tire Company - Case Study Example Raw materials depended on the price of oil, which has rapidly increased from $ 20 per barrel to $ 90 barrel in 2007 influencing the economics of tire firms. The rising cost of raw materials was posing a great impact on the company’s economy. Further, Lima Tire plant was facing serious morale problems with the line-foreman. Their dissatisfaction was starting to affect the entire company. The plant presently is undergoing massive expansion in that it aims to modernize its efforts that will increase the plant’s capacity and use new manufacturing technology. In addition, Lima plant has become one of the Treadways top plants in quality ratings and productivity because of the enhanced technology and updated equipment. Treadway closed Greenville Plant situated in South Carolina because of outdated equipment and moved some equipment to Lima. Therefore, with the additional volume, Lima moved to continuous operations, which has allowed Treadways to amortize the substantial fixed costs of operating a tire plant over maximum production volume. Current issues within the plant is the rising cost of raw materials, high level of job dissatisfaction and tension that exist between hourly paid workers and foremen. Currently, there are no enough people qualified to be promoted to the ranks of foreman. The company desires to solve the turnover problem in order to make Lima Plant become Treadway’s top plant for productivity and its lowest cost producer in North America. The Company wants to have employees who are satisfied with their work. Due to this, the company conducted an employee satisfaction research, noticed that some supervisors were not happy with the job, and was concerned about the positions of line supervisors. There is need to increase intercompany transfers and the percentage of college graduates. Summarily, the increase in costs of operation should allow the company to increase

Individual Report and Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Report and Reflection - Coursework Example The reflection portion would proffer personal opinion about the experience gained from the small business endeavour and how one would benefit from it in the future. One’s group which is composed of five members decided to choose Salah Adden mosque and sell tradition product from Saudi Arabia which is (subha). The purpose of the small business is to earn moray for donation to a chosen charity and enable making some reforms in the Salah Adden mosque. The report would be structured by initially discussing the planning phase where the profile of the charity event was organized and decided on. Intricate details were eventually noted to incorporate pre-event marketing information like the 4Is applied in the project; operational details; clearly defined objectives and group goals; market research; and the relationship to various stakeholders. The outcome of the event would also be revealed in terms of the financial performance and the lessons learned from the experience. Profile of t he Charity and the Community Involved The chosen charity as beneficiary for the proceeds of the subha sales is the Salah Adden mosque located in central London. ... served by friends included praying five times a day on the mosque and would therefore enable the group to facilitate contact and correspondences with authorized mosque personnel to implement the charity and donation and monitor the changes on the proposed improvements, as indicated. In this regard, the objectives and goals of the group and of the event are as follows: Group Objectives: To organize and implement a fundraising event through buying and selling of Muslim prayer beads (subha) and donate the proceeds from the sales to the Salah Adden mosque. The proceeds are proposed to be spent on carpets and adding more shelves on the mosque’s furniture and fixtures. How the Activity/Event Evolved, Planned and Promoted How the Fundraising Idea Evolved: The group has initially agreed on selling a particular product to raise funds for donation to the Salah Adden mosque. Each member in the group gave an idea about proposed products to sell. One member suggested selling some cake and drink; while another member said it would be better to sell stationary to address the students’ needs. Finally, from the suggested product list, the group decided to sell Subha, prayer beads for Muslim people for the reason that it is unique and the target customers would be interested in it. The proposed target market is the Muslim students of the University. The Planning Phase: The planning phase included the development of the business plan (Annex A) and a market research. The market research required application of the 4Ps theory where details of the product, price, place and promotions would be closely evaluated, strategies designed and explicitly stated for clarity of direction in implementation (Carter and Jones-Evans, 2006; Nwankwo and Gbadamosi, 2011). The brief market research

Bowlby's Viewpoint Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bowlby's Viewpoint - Assignment Example ent studies, the author attests that healthy, happy and independent young adults and adolescents are products of stable homes in which both parents give enough time and attention to the children. He continues to put that the child’s care giver needs a lot of assistance, from the other parent, though it normally comes from the grandmother in most societies. I totally agree with Bowlby’s way of parenting, because successful parenting is a key to the mental health of the next generation. A parent-child bond is not only healthy for the childs well-being, but an essential part of what it means to be human. Attachment theory teaches three main attachment patterns; secure, avoidant and ambivalent, which are behaviors that continue into adulthood. While they explore the world, securely attached children are confident, since they used the parent as a secure base. Bowlbys work also showed that the early interactions between infant and caregiver have a significant impact on an infants social, emotional, and intellectual growth (Bowlby 1907-1990). On the other hand, an insecurely attached child is unhappy and not confident enough to explore the world. Consider a child brought up by a single mother, who is always busy and overwhelmed by activities, and has less time to spend with the child, the child obviously grows up unattached to the parents and feeling insecure at the same time. The provision of access to the parent’s body is a fundamental feature in developing secure attachment. Dependency, the child’s tie to the mother, has the effect of keeping the child in more proximity to its mother-figure. For example, attachment behavior of a child is activated mostly by pain, fatigue, fright, and the mother’s inaccessibility. Bowlby cited the description of Klaus, Trause and Kennelle (1975), on how a mother picks up and begins to stroke the baby’s face with her little finger immediately after its birth. At this time, the baby quietness and when put to her breasts, it

Domestic and International Terrorism and Cyberterrorism Essay

Domestic and International Terrorism and Cyberterrorism - Essay Example The use of the internet has led to various threats due to its exploitation by a terrorist. First, terrorists have for a time exploited the internet. The exploitation by the terrorist has led to the emergence of the new form of terrorism known as cyber-terrorism. As a result, it has become a direct threat to both the national and international security. The threat has been due to the usage of the internet to further terrorist activities. For example, the terrorist has relied on technology in developing propaganda, recruit, and at the same time train followers (Gable, n.d.). The effectiveness of the internet in advancing these activities should be viewed as an increased threat to individual countries and the international communities.Secondly, there has been a rise of websites that glorifies terrorist activities. For example, some of the terrorist groups create sites that are likely to advance their course. In fact, people have a habit of visiting such sites that venerate such acts. Su ch sites may also act as a ground for training new members and also as a way of soliciting for financial support (Gable, n.d.). In fact, the use of the internet may also make more efficient to plan an attack without easy identification of the criminals involved (Gable, n.d.).The other threat is in increased large number of people that can be targeted by cyber-terrorism. The rise of technology has made it possible for the terrorist to have a new population target.

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The ideology of law enforcement field started sometime during the ancient Greek period where slave-prisoners were being used as guards of the prominent persons in several functions they attend to. The first organized structure of law enforcers started under the rule of King Louis XVI of France which was considered the largest but dangerous city of Europe that time. From then on, the development of the law enforcement organizations started to progress until the modern police organizations were given the blessing of the law to enforce the tenets of the society. For centuries now, there have been many changes in terms of the structure of the law enforcement. Thetford (2001) stated the three major periods of technological evolution: the agricultural, industrial and information period. In terms of law enforcement, progression occurred from the agricultural to the industrial period. However, at the mark of the early information age especially during the year 1987, based on several studies (Law Enforcement News, 1999), there were very minute changes in the structure and organization. Moreover, no change was recorded in terms of centralization and decision-making. Bureaucracy was also a growing tendency of the organization which makes it very procedural and complex. Extreme formality and hierarchy is becoming unhealthy in the said environment. The worldwide hope for a shift in this law enforcement procedures were already increasing. In the study stated by the Law Enforcement News which involved the survey for police organization’s development for a span of some years, it has been found out that during the 1993 until the present, there were significant changes, although still low, regarding the decentralization of decision-making. More than that, emphasis on geographical command and authority is already being manifested. This kind of

Domestic and International Terrorism and Cyberterrorism Essay

Domestic and International Terrorism and Cyberterrorism - Essay Example The use of the internet has led to various threats due to its exploitation by a terrorist. First, terrorists have for a time exploited the internet. The exploitation by the terrorist has led to the emergence of the new form of terrorism known as cyber-terrorism. As a result, it has become a direct threat to both the national and international security. The threat has been due to the usage of the internet to further terrorist activities. For example, the terrorist has relied on technology in developing propaganda, recruit, and at the same time train followers (Gable, n.d.). The effectiveness of the internet in advancing these activities should be viewed as an increased threat to individual countries and the international communities.Secondly, there has been a rise of websites that glorifies terrorist activities. For example, some of the terrorist groups create sites that are likely to advance their course. In fact, people have a habit of visiting such sites that venerate such acts. Su ch sites may also act as a ground for training new members and also as a way of soliciting for financial support (Gable, n.d.). In fact, the use of the internet may also make more efficient to plan an attack without easy identification of the criminals involved (Gable, n.d.).The other threat is in increased large number of people that can be targeted by cyber-terrorism. The rise of technology has made it possible for the terrorist to have a new population target.

Working in Groups Essay Example for Free

Working in Groups Essay -Have you ever worked on a group project? Was it easy peasy, or was it an unforgettable nightmare? Working together is hard, its no wonder group projects have such a bad reputation. Everyone will have to work on a group project at some point in their lives with a little whether it be school, business, an organization or even an event. Often when working in groups, members communicate poorly or sometimes not at all. In some cases people may even stab each other in the back. There are many difficult situations that may arise when working in groups. Some of the most common are participation, conflict, blame and domination. There will always be some who do not participate as much as others and will take a back seat and ride along the coat tails reaping all the same rewards as others who are working very hard. There may be some conflict because people have different opinions and points of view and may challenge what is being said or done by another member. This is ok, except when comments become personal or directed at specific people. This can often lead to resentment or animosity within the group. Things may go wrong at some point and it is easy to direct blame at someone and can be very damaging to the person blame is being put upon. Other members may direct anger and frustrations toward that member causing them to with draw from the group. Some people just have stronger personalities, I myself am usually one of the more outspoken members but in this experience I chose to take on a different roll because I do not currently have the time to be in a leadership type role. Often the more dominate people leave others feeling as if they do not have the opportunity to make their point or that their point doesnt even  matter. I personally experienced this when making a suggestion at this group projects meet up. As when working on anything, there are always going to be advantages and disadvantages. The first and most important advantage is increased productivity. Each individual can use the best skills they possess, and ensure quality to their work. There will be more resources available to you and the skill level will be broader. When a member is not able to complete something for any reason there are others who can be reliable for it. In a group there will be more ideas, different points of views and many suggestions to help make the group better. The disadvantages are that there is no individual thinking even if you feel strongly about something it must be a group decision in the end. The time an individual puts into a group is unknown and not acknowledged and credit is given as a whole even if you put in majority of the work. The competitive attitudes of people working in groups can also be a problem because some may lose focus as they are worried about who is doing more work rather than who is doing good work. I have worked in groups a few times and all had very different experiences depending on the project or task assigned. I would have to say that the best group experience for me was when working on a school project. When we first met up as a group, together we assigned who would be doing what. We also set up two deadlines in which we met up and discussed progress, problems and other issues anyone was experiencing. I would have to say that project was successful because we all collaborated decisions and responsibilities. Many people as adults already know what they are knowledgeable in and what they would be most successful in completing, so we first picked and chose then assigned what was left. When you are confident or interested in what you are working on it is much easier to complete. This group assignment was difficult in my opinion. The type of experience that gives working in groups a bad reputation and I know I am partly at fault for just accepting the situation rather than trying to make it better.  First off we did not know each other prior and had no clue what to expect of each other as far as interaction and personalities. The three of us met up once in Panera during the lunch rush and loud crowds, which I found to be quite distracting. When I arrived the other two members were already sitting. It seemed that one of the group members felt she had the most experience and pretty much took over. (I will call her the lead) She stated that we can finish this today in like 30-40 minutes My thought were WHAT!! We sat looking up our topic but not seeming to get much done. I suggested that we make an outline what we want covered about our topic and then assign who does what. I received a puzzled look from both and the lead said that due to the topic and type of assignment it just was not possible as it was too broad. The other member appeared to me to be on the quiet side, kind of a go with the flow person. I decided to do the same and stepped back knowing that what I was choosing to do would be unbeneficial to all of us. I felt I would just do what I felt was necessary on my own. The possibilities of problems can be endless within groups, ranging from general negativity to specific problems such as irregular attendance, unwillingness or inability to meet up as well as aggressive behavior or arguments. But the benefits and experience of working in a group make it worth the while and a lot can be avoided by setting up clear guidelines like rules or norms for the group from the beginning. Giving positive feedback and support from other members. And most importantly when problems do arise deal with them immediately and find a resolution to overcome the difficulties within the group so that it will build trust amongst the group and it can move forward positively. People forget that when working together it is every ones goal to make decisions to lead the group forward not just an individual. Groups are made u of individuals with varying personalities, backgrounds and ideas. For a group to work well a bond needs to be developed. Every group needs a leader and each member should feel a sense of belonging, a reason and purpose for their presence in the group. Each and every group experience will have a different lesson that can be learned whether good or bad. Work Cited Armbruster, Rachel Banding together for a cause Wiley and Sons Inc. 2012 Astin, A. (1993). What Matters in college? Four Critical Years Revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Web Oct 2014 Hammar Chiriac, Eva, Gareth J. Williams, and Carl Senior. Group Work As An Incentive For Learning Students Experiences Of Group Work. _Frontiers In Psychology_ 5.(2014): 1-10. _Academic Search Complete_. Web. Oct 2014 Rafferty, Patricia D. The Evaluation Of MBA Group Work: A Case Study Of Graduate Student Experiences And Perceptions Of Positive Group Work Outcomes. _Journal Of Education For Business_ 88.1 (2013): 43-50. _Business Source Complete_. Oct 2014

Human Trafficking Legal Provisions and Government Responses

Human Trafficking Legal Provisions and Government Responses 1. The trafficking of women, drugs and diamonds involve huge numbers of individuals and groups, there is a higher degree of transnationalism and trade patterns are very complex. There are thousands of human traffickers operating independently within relatively hierarchical groups and exploit tens of thousands of women and girls often in cross border operations that violate countries sovereignty. Under international law governments are obligated to protect their citizens from being trafficked through policies and programmes that aim at prevention and protection of victims. 2. A review of the laws and provisions of various countries provides an impression of the growing awareness and recognition of the issues relating to trafficking across the world. Most of these countries have made efforts to amend their existing laws or to introduce new legislation in consonance with international instruments. 3. Most European countries and US have adopted legislation against human trafficking. The same holds good for South and South East Asian countries including India and her neighbours. Infact in March 1998 in recognition of International Womens Day President Clinton issued an Executive Memorandum on Steps to Combat Trafficking that pledges to combat trafficking in women and girls with a focus on areas of prostitution, victim assistance and protection, and enforcement. The role that various government agencies will play is also outlined. International Framework of Laws An overview of select protocols and conventions that regulate trafficking at the international level is listed at Appendix E- International Framework of Laws Related to Trafficking. Regional Legal Instruments The framework of law in countries of South Asia is listed at Appendix F- Legal Framework in South Asian Countries. India   Initiatives to combat trafficking 4. Prevention and com bating Trafficking of Human Beings has received the highest priority in India and as the problem is multi dimensional, we have adopted a multi-pronged strategy to address the issue. Indias approach to combating trafficking is holistic, participative and inclusive and is not just restricted to primary or direct intervention against trafficking but seeks to eradicate the menace through empowering the potential victims. 4.1 Constitutional and Legal Framework to address Trafficking 4.1.1 India has a fairly wide framework of laws enacted by the Parliament as well as some of the State legislatures in addition to the various constitutional provisions. These are listed in Appendix G à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Legal Framework to Address Trafficking in India. 4.1.2 The premier legislation to tackle trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. The Act is being amended in order to further strengthen the various provisions. Salient features of the amendments to ITPA Re-defi ne the age of the child from 16 to 18 years. Deletion of sections, which re-victimize the victims. In-Camera proceedings in Courts to safeguard privacy of victims. Enhanced punishment for traffi ckers, brothel keepers, pimps etc. Punishment for persons who visit brothels for commercial sexual exploitation. Defi nition of traffi cking adopted from the UN Protocol. Setting-up of Centre and State nodal authorities in the States for preventing and combating offence of traffi cking through coordination, investigation, rescue, rehabilitation, judicial support, research and training. 4.2 International Commitments 4.2.1 India is a signatory to a number of international instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its Optional Protocols; Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime with its UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing above Convention and Millennium Development Goals. 4.2.2 It is also part of major SAARC initiatives for South Asia which includeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution; SAARC Convention on Regional arrangements for Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia; SAARC Charter where trafficking issues are to be addressed at regional level. 4.3 Institutional Mechanisms India has a federal set up where law enforcement and public order are primarily State subjects. However, the Central Government too shares responsibility with the States for tackling organized crime such as commercial sexual exploitation rests with the Ministry of Women and Child Development, while the Ministry of Labour deals with all matters related to labour. The Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring the enforcement of the various legislations related to the criminal activity of trafficking An example of Centre State collaboration is the high-level Central Advisory Committee to Combat Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation to deliberate on various aspects on trafficking and recently has formulated Blue Print for Action in the area of Inter-State Rescue Protocol, Prevention, Rehabilitation, Health, Legislation and Management Information System. The Ministry of Social Justice has taken initiatives to prepare a user-friendly system for speedy and effective restoration of missing, abducted/kidnapped and runaway children to their families. As there is a direct linkage between missing persons and trafficking. Therefore, a concerted effort to address the issue of missing women and children will be of immense use and help in preventing and combating trafficking. The Government of India has also set-up autonomous organizations such as National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Women and National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, which seek to protect the rights of women and children. Policies and Protocols National Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking with special focus on Children and Women was formulated in 1998, with the objective of mainstreaming and re-integrating women and child victims of commercial sexual exploitation in to the community. The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 commits itself to ensure that all rights of all children up to the age of 18 years are protected. National Policy for Empowerment of Women, 2001 aims to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women. Protocol for Pre-rescue, Rescue and Post-rescue Operations of Child Victims of Trafficking for the Purpose of Commercial Sexual Exploitation provides guidelines for enforcement agencies and NGOs involved in the rescue of victims from their place of exploitation, medical and legal procedures to be followed and rehabilitative measures to be provided to the victims. Protocol on Prevention, Rescue, Repatriation and Rehabilitation of Trafficked and Migrant Child Labour aims to ensure smooth rescue, repatriation and rehabilitation of trafficked and migrant child labour. A blue print of action in interalia the following areas has also been developed: Protocol on Inter-State Rescue and Post-rescue Activities Relating to Trafficked Persons providing guidelines to the State Governments on the inter-state rescue operations, the modalities involved, precautions to be undertaken and responsibility of various stakeholders in providing services to the rescued victim. Prevention of Trafficking of Women and Children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides for various steps to be undertaken to prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation and includes formation of adolescent groups and community vigilance groups, anti-trafficking regional networks, appropriate interventions that should be taken up in brothel areas to prevent second-generation prostitution, special measures targeting those communities traditionally involved in commercial sex work and rehabilitation of women who have become old to carry on the profession and are in need of care and protection. Rehabilitation of Victims of Traffi cking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides for action points related to areas of rehabilitation such as care and support programmes, community based rehabilitation, custody of victims, education and skill building of victims and their ultimate rehabilitation in the society. Human Trafficking Management Information System (HTMIS) provides a format for enforcement agencies to collect data on trafficked victims and traffickers. Programmes and Schemes The Ministry of Women and Child Development runs Shelter homes (Swadhar and Short Stay Homes) for women in difficult circumstances. These also cater to rescued trafficked victims and provides for shelter, food, clothing for women and children, counseling, clinical, medical, legal and other support, training and economic rehabilitation and helpline facilities. A relatively recent sheme known as Ujjawala (Radiance of light) is a Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Dhanalakshmi, is a conditional cash transfer scheme for girl child with insurance cover linked to various milestones in a girls life. It is expected that the scheme would ensure that the girl child is not only born but also that she is enrolled and retained in school which would decrease her vulnerability to traffi cking, child labour, child marriage etc. The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) scheme aims to provide for children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection improved institutional care, quality non-institutional, adoption and alternative care, counselling and family support, training and capacity building, CHILDLINE services ,child tracking system and website for missing children. While programs and schemes to rehabilitate and reintegrate victims of trafficking are no doubt important, the mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of trafficking or to create an enabling environment to prevent trafficking is equally if not more important. This is particularly important as trafficking is essentially a developmental issue. Economic Empowerment of women Poverty makes women and children vulnerable to trafficking. Hence poverty alleviation programs feature high in the list to combat trafficking and at the same time achieve economic empowerment. India has embarked on massive poverty alleviation and income generation programs where women beneficiaries are significantly involved. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme ensures at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year with 30% reservation for women beneficiaries. Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women provides updated skills and new knowledge to poor and asset less women in the traditional sectors such as dairy development, animal husbandry sericulture, handloom and social forestry. The Self Help Group (SHG) movement and linking such groups to credit facilities especially micro credit facilities is effectively used in India for both poverty reduction and a conduit for routing a wide range of social development messages and schemes.. The scheme of Swayamsidha Priyadarshini etc are some such schemes based on mobilization of women into Self-Help Groups. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh an exclusive micro credit agency for women which provides credit to poor and asset-less women in the informal sector. Social and Political Empowerment of Women Economic empowerment of women cannot deliver desired outcomes unless judiciously combined with social and political empowerment. Education was made a Fundamental Right through the 86th Constitutional Amendment. Universalization of Elementary Education, namely the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, has a pronounced gender focus, and creates an enabling environment for encouraging more and more girls to attend schools with various incentives. The National Rural Health Mission aims to improve the availability of and access to equitable, affordable and effective health care to rural people especially poor women and children. To tackle discrimination in the provision of adequate and timely nutrition the National Nutrition Mission addresses the problems of malnutrition in a holistic manner. The Food and Nutrition Board of the MWCD has regional centers and community food and nutrition education units for mass awareness, nutrition education etc. for women and children. The program for Integrated Child Development Services is the largest child care program where children below 6 years and their mothers are provided nutritional and immunization health inputs. In this process, the programme enables an in-built tracking system to ensure the well-being and safety of the beneficiaries. Adolescent girls are highly prone to many forms of violence and abuse especially trafficking . Specific interventions for the welfare of these girls is undertaken through Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls where under-weight girls are provided with additional food grains per month. Similarly the Kishori Shakti Yojana program aims at holistic improvement of these girls and equipping them with vocational skills so that they can be gainfully engaged. Political empowerment-Indias concern for safeguarding the democratic rights and privileges of women finds its best expression in the Constitution of India with provisions which empower the State to make affirmative discrimination in favour of women. In a significantly gender empowering measure, the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution, enabled a 1/3rd reservation of seats for women in the local governance or Panchayat Raj Institutions in the rural and urban areas. These special measures ushered in nearly 1 million women in the electoral fora and decision-making bodies. Gender Budgeting -To ensure that all facets and sectors of the economy are gender sensitive the Government has initiated the process of Gender budgeting which encompasses incorporating a gender perspective and sensitiveness in all sectors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" be it economic or social. Training and Capacity Building As the tasks for combating trafficking is to be performed by multi stakeholders, the government has laid stress on training and capacity building of different stakeholders such as NGOs, police, Social Workers, Medical Officers, Judiciary and Counselors with comprehensive resource material and communication strategies. Cross border One of the concerns of the Government of India is the problem associated with cross-border trafficking. The Regional Task Force of SAARC for implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution met for the first time in New Delhi on 26th June, 07 in New Delhi. The decisions taken in the SAARC Meeting included sharing best practices, setting up a toll free phone number for use of victims, capacity building and training programmes, wherever possible harmonizing national legislations to tackle trafficking and development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for operationalising the Convention, including repatriation of victims. To address the issue of cross-border trafficking between India and Bangladesh, the Ministry of Women and Child Development in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of External Affairs, UNICEF and Bangladesh Counterparts are in the process for formulating and finalizing a victim friendly Roadmap and Joint Plan of Action for safe, humane and quick repatriation of trafficked victims. Under this, both Indian and Bangladesh have identified that their respective Ministry of Home Affairs would be the focal point for repatriation of trafficked victims. The roadmap and joint plan of action would include §streamlining procedures and processes for safe and quick repatriation of cross border victims to and from Bangladesh; develop uniform checklists/ proformas /guidelines/protocols/case management systems for identification/ registration /interviewing; make appropriate provisions for the care and maintenance of children during the repatriation process; promote exchange of technical skills, especially of skill training/capacity building; set up safe, secure transit points /transit camps at border with adequate physical facilities. Given the seriousness of the trans-border trafficking scenario on the borders, interface has been organised between the law-enforcement officials, NGOs, etc. at various places. For example, a meeting are held between Indian officials and the appropriate authorities in Nepal and Bangladesh. Holistic Approach to Trafficking To formulate a more holistic policy and program for trafficking in persons which will incorporate all forms of trafficking (such as sexual exploitation, child labour, bonded labour, organ trade etc) and enable an integrated approach to tackle the problem, the MWCD in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, National Human Rights Commission and National Commission for Women is formulating an Integrated Plan of Action to Prevent and Combat Trafficking of Human Beings, with special focus on Women and Children. International Cooperation You will all agree that International collaborations, co-operations and sharing of knowledge and information are key to address the global ramifications of trafficking. In all our efforts, our UN partners have been very proactive. The UNODC GIFT programme aims in the South Asia Region to heighten the awareness on the various facets of trafficking. The Delhi Declaration as a collaborative effort between GOI and UNODC has avery strong commitment to protect all children from sexual exploitation and stringent measures against sex selection and violence against the girl child, evolve a synergistic approach in dealing with trafficking issues, reduce demand for prostitution, use of child labour, forced labour and to strengthen the collaborative efforts of NGOs, local Governments, and other institutions to prevent all forms of trafficking. In conclusion, it can be stated that the Union Government and the state governments have taken several initiatives to address the various issues related to the trafficking of women and children. The Plan of Action by the Union Government and their monitoring of the implementation of the programmes in the states have made a notable impact in addressing several aspects of prevention, protection and prosecution. There is clearly an undercurrent of gender discrimination and consequent exploitation in human trafficking. This can be addressed only if the issue of gender is integrated with schemes, programmes and policies in all the relevant sectors. Counter-trafficking measures, especially those relating to prevention and rehabilitation, should be integrated with the policies and programmes of all the related departments. Only such a holistic approach can, in the long run, provide the required empowerment to women and children, especially those in vulnerable circumstances, and equip them w ith safe livelihood options, rights awareness and guarantee against exploitation.

Historical Past of the Bacterium Salmonella Bacilli Essay -- History B

The Life of Salmonella Abstract: The following paper discusses the historical past of the bacterium Salmonella Bacilli and its repercussions within infected human victims over time. There are two types of salmonella: nontyphoidal and typhoidal. Both are borne through direct contact with an infected host’s feces bacterium which in turn, is ingested orally. Their way of life exists within the digestive tract of its host, reproducing rapidly into thousands of serotypes. Cultured, strengthened, and afflicted upon people over the centuries, salmonella has become the number one danger in food poisoning, carrying doom, death, and destruction wherever it goes. Every bacterium has its humble beginnings as did salmonella. Reported to cause 42 percent of all food poisoning cases in the world, salmonella bacteria infect a variety of hosts from humans to animals to reptiles. Because chicken and cows come in contact with feces almost daily, these animals are the main carriers of salmonella bacteria. Furthermore, the intestinal tracts of many different reptiles contain the same bacteria to serve survival purposes; however, it can easily be released and transmitted to other hosts. Humans are very susceptible to the Salmonella Typhi bacterium as it only lives and cultures within warm-blooded mammals. To transmit from human to human, it must travel through the fecal and oral pathway. Drinking water also provides another means for vast infection. The ensuing disease is perhaps the most widely known in history, typhoid fever. This disease has an extensive history, riddled with pain, suffering, and unwanted death. Such a history it has that even the ancient Greeks knew about â€Å"a dreadful disease,† now known as typhoid. â€Å"Hippocrates described it... ...e in making history. As one can see, salmonella has quite an extensive past in affecting the humans in general. From its beginning roots in the civilization of Athens to its effects on life today on Earth, salmonella has contributed much to our very own existence, testing our limits to ensure the most successful way to survive. Bibliography http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/mcdade.htm Bioterrorism. 25 July 2008 . http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/niches/features/bioterror.shtml By: Dr. T.M. Wassenaar http://www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/Commentary/cunnion2.htm By: Stephen O. Cunnion Elsevier. "Typhoid Fever Led To The Fall Of Athens." ScienceDaily 23 January 2006. 23 July 2008 http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/01/060123163827.htm. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4639840.stm

The Discovery of DNA’s Molecular Structure :: Science Genetics Papers

Theoretical models for the molecular structure of DNA can be likened to scientific theories. DNA’s structure was determined largely because scientists scrutinized the relationship between theory (a particular theoretical model of DNA) and observation (x-ray crystallographic patterns, or bonding patterns between bases and sugar-phosphate groups, for example). Inductivists, falsificationists, Kuhn, and Feyerabend all have different accounts of how scientists have related theory to observation. These accounts are important because, not only do they delineate frameworks scientists use to develop their theories, but because these frameworks subsequently became important in developing a theory for the molecular structure of DNA. The inductivist account of science recognizes five steps that are essential to scientific progress, and consequently, the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. First, scientists compile a large body of facts from observation and experiment. Using the principle of induction, these facts can, often with severe logical difficulties, be generalized to form the basis for a theory or law. Then, once a theory has been developed, scientists can use the theory as part of a valid logical argument to make new predictions or explanations of phenomena. According to Chalmers, the inductivist account has â€Å"a certain appeal† to it, namely, that all of scientific progress can be seen as the result of a linear, highly structured inductive scientific method (54). â€Å"Its attraction lies in the fact that it does seem to capture in a formal way some of the commonly held intuitions about the special characteristics of scientific knowledge, namely its objectivity, its reliability, and its usefulness† (57). An inductivist account of the discovery of DNA’s molecular structure might proceed in the following way. First, early molecular biologists compiled a large body of facts from observation and experiment, such as Rosalind Franklin’s findings on the structure of DNA based on her x-ray crystallography work. From these facts, a theory of DNA structure was developed. Watson demonstrates, in The Double Helix how one aspect of DNA structure was determined from factual experimental observations. In the b-model of DNA, †¦the meridional reflection at 3.4 A was much stronger than any other reflection. This could only mean that the 3.4 A-thick purine and pyrimidine bases were stacked on top of each other in a direction perpendicular to the helical axis. In addition we could feel sure from both electron-microscope and X-ray evidence that the helix diameter was about 20 A (110).